Ndikosavuta kukhulupirira kuti madzi omwe amachokera pampopi yanu ndi oyera komanso abwino kumwa. Koma, mwatsoka, zaka makumi ambiri zamakhalidwe abwino amadzi amatanthauza kuti magwero amadzi ambiri ku United States ali ndi zowononga zina. Izi zimapangitsa kusefa kwamadzi kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mnyumba iliyonse yathanzi.
Dzipulumutseni vuto logula madzi a m'mabotolo okwera mtengo komanso osasunthika ndi machitidwewa osefedwa, ovomerezeka kuchotsa poizoni ndi akatswiri a madzi akumwa.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zosefera zamadzi pamsika: zosefera za kaboni ndi zosefera za reverse osmosis. Mitsuko yambiri, mabotolo ndi zoperekera zinthu zimakhala ndi zosefera za kaboni.
Iwo ali ndi activated carbon layer yomwe imatsekera zonyansa zazikulu monga lead. Sydney Evans, katswiri wa sayansi ku Environmental Working Group (EWG) pa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apampopi, akunena kuti izi ndizosavuta, zomveka komanso zotsika mtengo za zosefera. Chenjezo ndi loti amatha kuthana ndi zonyansa zina. Ayeneranso kusinthidwa pafupipafupi chifukwa zowononga zimatha kuchuluka mkati mwa sefa ya kaboni ndikuwononga madzi pakapita nthawi.
Zosefera za reverse osmosis zimakhala ndi fyuluta ya kaboni ndi nembanemba ina yotsekera tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe makala sangathe. Eric D. Olson anafotokoza kuti: “Zidzasefa pafupifupi chilichonse m’madzi anu, mpaka kufika pamene mungafune kuwonjezera zinthu monga mchere kapena mchere kuti zimveke bwino. Council (Council for the Protection of Natural Resources).
Ngakhale zoseferazi zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri pojambula tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zimakhala zodula komanso zovuta kuziyika. Evans amanenanso kuti amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri pamene akugwira ntchito, chinthu choyenera kukumbukira ngati mukukhala m'dera losowa madzi.
Ponena za mtundu wa fyuluta woti musankhe, zimatengera zowonongeka zomwe zili m'madzi anu. Gulu lililonse lalikulu lamadzi ku United States (lotumikira anthu opitilira 50,000) limalamulidwa ndi lamulo kuyesa madzi awo pachaka ndikusindikiza lipoti lazotsatira. Imatchedwa Annual Water Quality Report, the Right to Know Report, kapena Consumer Confidence Report. Iyenera kupezeka mosavuta patsamba lazothandizira. Mutha kuyang'ananso database ya EWG yamadzi apampopi kuti muwone mwachangu zomwe zapezedwa posachedwa mdera lanu. (Malipotiwa samaganizira zowononga zomwe zingakhale zimachokera ku mapaipi anu a madzi; kuti mupeze chithunzi chonse, mudzafunika kuyezetsa madzi m'nyumba mwanu,1 yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri.)
Khalani okonzeka: lipoti lanu la khalidwe la madzi likhoza kukhala ndi zambiri. Pazinthu zowononga 300 zomwe zapezedwa m'madzi akumwa a US, Evans anafotokoza kuti, "pafupifupi 90 okha mwa izo ndi zomwe zimayendetsedwa (zoletsa zamalamulo) sizikutanthauza kuti ndizotetezeka."
Olson adanenanso kuti zambiri zachitetezo chamadzi akumwa mdziko muno sizinasinthidwe kuyambira 1970s ndi 1980s ndipo sizikuyenda ndi zomwe asayansi apeza posachedwa. Komanso samaganiziranso kuti ngakhale mankhwalawa ndi abwino kumwa pamlingo wocheperako, amatha kuyambitsa zotsatira zosafunikira ngati atengedwa tsiku lililonse, kangapo patsiku. "Muli ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudza nthawi yomweyo, komanso zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, koma ndizovuta kwambiri, monga khansa," adatero.
Anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito madzi a m’chitsime kapena amene amagwiritsa ntchito kaboma kakang’ono kamene akukayikira kuti sasamalidwa bwino angafunenso kufufuza zosefera madzi. Kuphatikiza pa kusefa zinthu zowononga mankhwala, amaphanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayambitsa matenda monga legionella. Komabe, njira zambiri zoyeretsera madzi zimachotsa, choncho sizovuta kwa anthu ambiri.
Onse Olson ndi Evans sakufuna kupangira fyuluta imodzi kuposa ina, chifukwa kusankha kwanu kudzadalira gwero lanu lamadzi. Moyo wanu umakhalanso ndi gawo, chifukwa anthu ena amakhala bwino ndi mtsuko wawung'ono wodzadza tsiku lililonse, pomwe ena amakwiya ndipo amafunikira makina okulirapo. Kusamalira ndi bajeti ndi zina; Ngakhale ma reverse osmosis machitidwe ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, safuna kukonzanso mochuluka komanso kusinthira zosefera.
Poganizira zimenezo, tinapita patsogolo ndikuyang'ana zosefera zisanu ndi ziwiri zamadzi zomwe zimayeretsa madzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma zonse zimagwira ntchito bwino. Taphunzira mosamalitsa ndemanga zamakasitomala kuti tipeze zinthu zomwe zili ndi zovuta zochepa kwambiri ndikupanga kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala kosavuta.
Zosankha zomwe zili pansipa zikuphimba bajeti, kukula, ndi kachitidwe, koma zonse zimapambana kuti zitheke kukhazikitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndikusintha momwe zingafunikire. Kampani iliyonse imawonekera poyera za zonyansa zomwe zosefera zawo zimachepetsa ndikuzitsimikizira modziyimira pawokha ndi oyesa a gulu lachitatu pazomwe akunena kuti amachita.
"Ndikofunikira kuti anthu asagule zosefera chifukwa [kampaniyo] imati ndisefa yabwino. Muyenera kupeza fyuluta yovomerezeka, "adatero Olson. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zonse zomwe zili pamndandandawu zatsimikiziridwa ndi NSF International kapena Water Quality Association (WSA), mabungwe awiri odziyimira pawokha pamakampani amadzi apampopi. Simupeza mawu osamveka omwe sakuthandizidwa ndi kuyesa kwa gulu lachitatu.
Zosefera zonsezi zayesedwa paokha kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimachepetsa zonyansa zomwe amati. Timazindikira zina mwazoyipa zazikulu pamafotokozedwe azinthu zathu.
Zosefera zonsezi zidapangidwa kuti zizikhala nthawi yayitali kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo ndipo zitha kusinthidwa mosavuta komanso mwachilengedwe pakafunika.
Pamndandandawu, mupeza zosefera kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe mumakonda, kuyambira mitsuko yaying'ono yozizirira mpaka makina anyumba yonse.
Tidzaphatikizanso zosefera za kaboni ndi zosefera za reverse osmosis pamndandanda wathu pazokonda zilizonse ndi bajeti.
Sefa yamakala ya PUR imabwera ndi zomangira zitatu ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyiyika pamipope yambiri (osayesa kuyiyika pamapopu otulutsa kapena pamanja). Owunikira amawona kuti ndizosavuta kukhazikitsa mumphindi ndipo zimatulutsa madzi oyera bwino. Choyimira chodziwika bwino cha mankhwalawa ndi chowunikira chomwe chidzakuchenjezani pamene fyuluta iyenera kusinthidwa, kuchepetsa mwayi woipitsidwa ndi madzi kuchokera ku fyuluta yonyansa. Fyuluta iliyonse imatsuka pafupifupi malita 100 amadzi ndipo imatha miyezi itatu. Wotsimikiziridwa ndi NSF kuti achotse zowononga 70 (onani mndandanda wathunthu apa), fyuluta iyi ndi yabwino kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuteteza madzi awo apampopi akukhitchini ku mtovu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo popanda kufunikira kwa fyuluta yowonjezera. Ndi chisankho chabwino kwa reverse osmosis system.
Ngati nthawi zonse mumakonda madzi ozizira, osefedwa mu furiji (ndipo musamade nkhawa ndi kudzaza ketulo nthawi zonse), ndiye kuti njira iyi ndi yanu. Ndiwopepuka ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a spout ndi matepi am'mbali omwe amakulolani kuti mudzaze botolo lanu lamadzi mwachangu ndikupeza madzi aukhondo pomwe chipinda chapamwamba chikusefa. Owunikira adayamikira kapangidwe kake kokongola komanso choyesa chamadzi chomwe chilipo chomwe chimakuthandizani kudziwa nthawi yoyenera kusintha fyuluta. (Mungathe kuyembekezera kupeza magaloni 20 a madzi oyera pa fyuluta iliyonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mwezi umodzi kapena iwiri, malingana ndi momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri.) Onetsetsani kuti mukusintha zosefera nthawi zonse, ndikuyeretsa ndi kupukuta mkati mwa fyulutayo. . . yumitsaninso mtsuko kuti nkhungu isapangike. Fyuluta iyi ndi yovomerezeka ya NSF kuti ichepetse PFOS/PFOA, kutsogolera komanso zoipitsa m'ndandanda.
Dongosolo la APEC ndiloyenera kukhazikitsa zosefera zotayidwa. Mapangidwe ake osinthika a osmosis amaphatikiza magawo asanu osefera kuti achepetse zowononga zopitilira 1,000 m'madzi akumwa. Choyipa chokha ndichakuti fyuluta iliyonse iyenera kusinthidwa payekhapayekha, koma osapitilira kamodzi pachaka. Ngakhale pali kalozera wokonzekera kuti muchite nokha, mungafunike kuyimbira katswiri ngati simuli okonzeka. Akayika, owunikirawo adazindikira kuti dongosololi limalimbikitsidwa kuti lipewe kutayikira komanso kutulutsa madzi oyera kwambiri kuposa momwe sefa ya kaboni imapangidwira.
Dongosolo lonse la nyumbayi limasunga madzi anu osefedwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndipo amatha kunyamula magaloni 600,000 popanda kuwasintha. Mapangidwe ake amitundu yambiri amasefa zowononga mankhwala, amafewetsa ndi kuyeretsa madzi ndikuchotsa ma virus, ma virus ndi mabakiteriya. Amapangidwa kuti apereke mwayi wofulumira wa madzi popanda kutseka ndipo amachiritsidwa kuti ateteze kukula kwa mabakiteriya ndi algae. Owunikira amawona kuti atayikidwa (mungafune kuyitanira katswiri), dongosololi limagwira ntchito palokha ndipo limafunikira kukonza pang'ono.
Botolo lamadzi lokhazikika lachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri limasefa zowononga 23 kuchokera pampopu, kuphatikiza lead, chlorine ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo botolo lokha ndi laulere la BPA. Fyuluta yake imatha kusokoneza madzi okwana magaloni 30 ndipo imakhala pafupifupi miyezi itatu. Ndikofunikira kusungirako zosefera zosintha pasadakhale, zimawononga $12.99 iliyonse. Owunikira amayamika botolo lowoneka bwino komanso lokhazikika, koma dziwani kuti pamafunika khama kupopera madzi osefa kudzera mu udzu. Iyi ndi njira yabwino yoti mutenge nayo ngati mukupita kumalo atsopano ndipo simukudziwa za madzi.
Alendo omwe amafunikira kuyeretsa mwachangu ndikuyeretsa magwero amadzi atsopano adzafuna kuyang'ana GRAYL. Chotsukira champhamvuchi chimachotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya komanso chlorine, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zitsulo zolemera. Mumangodzaza botolo ndi madzi akumtsinje kapena pampopi, kukanikiza kapu kwa masekondi asanu ndi atatu, kenako ndikumasula, ndipo magalasi atatu amadzi oyera ali mmanja mwanu. Sefa iliyonse ya kaboni imatha kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi malita 65 amadzi isanafunike kusinthidwa. Owonanso amawona kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino pamaulendo amasiku ambiri, koma kumbukirani kuti mukamapita kudera lakutali, nthawi zonse mumayenera kunyamula madzi osungira ndi inu.
Chopangira madzi cha BPA chopanda madzi ichi chikhoza kuikidwa pa countertop yanu kapena mufiriji yanu kuti mupeze madzi oyera mwachangu. Imakhala ndi magalasi 18 amadzi, ndipo owerengera amawona kuti ndizosavuta kuthira pansi pamadzi. Timalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi fyuluta ya Brita longlast+ yovomerezeka ya NSF kuti muchotse chlorine, lead ndi mercury kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (120 galoni). Bonasi: Mosiyana ndi zosefera zambiri za kaboni, zomwe zimatayidwa mu zinyalala, zitha kusinthidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya TerraCycle.
Mwachidule, inde. "Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ena, madzi omwe amachokera pampopi yanu amakhala ndi chiopsezo cha thanzi, malingana ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi anu akumwa ndi milingo yawo," Evans anabwereza. “Sindikuganiza kuti m’kafukufuku wanga wonse ndapezapo madzi opanda zoipitsa. Pakhoza kukhala china chake choyenera kusefa. ”
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa madzi akumwa ovomerezeka ndi abwino, zimapindulitsa kusamala ndikusefa madzi omwe mumamwa tsiku lililonse.
Kusefa madzi anu ndi imodzi mwa machitidwe asanu ndi awiri ovomerezeka ndi njira imodzi yowonetsetsa kuti simumwa mwangozi chilichonse chomwe chingakudwalitseni. Mukasankha kugula zosefera, mungafune kuganiziranso kuchitapo kanthu kuti muyeretse madzi anu onse.
"Njira yabwino kwambiri kwa aliyense ndikukhala ndi madzi apampopi otetezeka komanso oyezetsedwa bwino, kotero kuti si mwamuna, mkazi ndi mwana aliyense ayenera kugula ndi kusunga zosefera zapakhomo," adatero Olson.
Kuletsa malamulo a madzi akumwa ku United States mosakayika ndi njira yayitali komanso yovuta, koma mutha kuwonetsa chithandizo chanu polumikizana ndi membala wadera lanu la Congress kapena woimira EPA ndikufunsa anthu amdera lanu kuti akhazikitse miyezo yabwino yamadzi akumwa. Tikukhulupirira kuti tsiku lina sitidzafunikanso kusefa madzi athu akumwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-04-2023